Wheat cultivation techniques for high quality flour
According to research conducted by Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, as well as the Crop Development Department at the Western Agricultural Testing Field, several key technologies have been identified for increasing wheat protein content. These methods are crucial for optimizing both yield and quality, depending on growing conditions and variety.
Firstly, applying nitrogen fertilizer during the flowering stage—specifically 10 days after ear emergence—has proven effective in boosting protein levels. Studies show that increasing the amount of nitrogen applied at this stage leads to a steady rise in protein content. The effect varies slightly among different wheat varieties, but generally, 1 kg of nitrogen fertilizer can increase protein by 0.5%, while 1.5 kg can raise it by 1%. It is important to note that only nitrogen-based fertilizers should be used during this phase, with ammonium sulfate being a cost-effective option. Phosphate and potassium fertilizers are typically applied as base fertilizers at the beginning of the growing season.
Secondly, there is a strong correlation between fertilizer application and protein content. As yield increases, protein levels tend to decrease. Therefore, farmers must adjust fertilizer amounts based on crop growth. If the crop is growing well, more nutrients should be applied; if growth is poor, fertilizer should be reduced. In regions where wheat protein content is already moderate, applying additional nitrogen may not be necessary, as it could lower flour quality. Moreover, using strong fruit fertilizer can delay maturity by about one day per 4 kg applied per 1.5 mu. This delay must be carefully managed to avoid negative impacts on gluten strength. While higher protein levels can be achieved, especially in ordinary flours, prolonged maturity often reduces gluten quality. Hence, selecting the right wheat variety based on its intended use is essential.
Thirdly, soil conditions play a significant role in determining fertilizer needs. Soil types vary in their protein content: red soil tends to have the lowest, black soil the highest, and gray alluvial or low-lying soils fall in the middle. Dry fields usually have higher protein levels than paddy fields. In black soil, which is naturally rich in protein, additional nitrogen may not be required. However, black soil is often deficient in phosphate, so adding phosphate fertilizer can improve yield and balance protein levels. Laterite soils, on the other hand, have low nitrogen content, and crops grown in such soils may suffer from nitrogen deficiency, affecting both yield and protein. Farmers should monitor leaf color closely and apply nitrogen at the right time, possibly increasing the use of top-dressing if needed.
Lastly, weather conditions significantly influence fertilizer application. In warm winters and rainy years, more nitrogen is often beneficial. For high-yield fields, top-dressing can begin in January or early February. A second round of fertilization should occur when the leaves start to lighten in color, ensuring sufficient grain numbers. However, timing and dosage must be adjusted according to the variety, soil type, weather, and plant condition. Improper application can lead to excessive growth, lodging, and ultimately, a decline in wheat quality. Careful planning and observation are key to achieving optimal results.
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