Heat pump sustainable development of key technologies and theoretical research

According to the current status and development level of heat pump technology, a comprehensive analysis of related literature suggests that key technologies for achieving sustainable resource and environmental development should focus on several critical areas. First, the development of efficient, reliable, long-lasting, and cost-effective heat pump units is essential. Research into energy-saving capacity adjustment and operation control modes can further enhance the energy efficiency and advantages of heat pumps. In small-scale systems, screw and scroll compressors have largely replaced reciprocating ones, improving adiabatic efficiency. Enhancing heat transfer equipment and understanding refrigerant flow characteristics in plate heat exchangers under different operating conditions are also crucial for performance improvement and cost reduction. As heat pump applications expand, the development of large and medium-sized units has become an urgent need. Second, various heat source-based heat pump systems require theoretical and practical research. Ground-source heat pumps, especially those using ground heat exchangers, show great potential. However, their performance is limited by seasonal temperature fluctuations in air-source systems, leading to issues like frosting and inefficiency. Surface water and wastewater offer alternative heat sources but face limitations due to environmental conditions. Groundwater source heat pumps benefit from stable underground temperatures, offering higher efficiency than other ground-source systems. However, challenges like groundwater recharge and environmental impacts must be addressed carefully, especially in countries with water scarcity. Buried ground-source heat pumps avoid direct extraction of groundwater and provide better energy savings compared to air-source systems, making them a promising option for the future. Third, natural working fluids should be prioritized in research and application. Currently, R22 and R134a are widely used, but both have environmental drawbacks. R22 is being phased out, and R134a has high global warming potential. Natural refrigerants, such as carbon dioxide, offer safer and more sustainable alternatives. For example, transcritical COâ‚‚ cycles can produce hot water at higher temperatures, expanding the range of applications. This makes them a viable solution for medium- and high-temperature heat pump systems. Fourth, gas-driven heat pumps deserve attention, especially in China, where coal still dominates the energy mix. Natural gas, as a cleaner fuel, offers a more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. Combining it with heat pump technology can reduce greenhouse gas emissions while meeting heating and cooling demands. Additionally, research into energy storage and dehumidification cooling technologies can further improve the overall energy efficiency of heat pump systems. In summary, heat pump technology should balance resource use, environmental protection, and economic benefits. Expanding the use of ground-source heat pumps and promoting renewable energy and low-grade energy applications are key strategies. In the long term, heat pumps using renewable heat sources, clean energy, and natural working fluids will play a vital role in sustainable heating and cooling solutions.

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